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Circassia was a small independent nation on the northeastern shore of the Black Sea. For no reason other than ethnic hatred, over the course of hundreds of raids the Russians drove the Circassians from their homeland and deported them to the Ottoman Empire. At least 600,000 people lost their lives to massacre, starvation, and the elements while hundreds of thousands more were forced to leave their homeland. By 1864, three-fourths of the population was annihilated, and the Circassians had become one of the first stateless peoples in modern history.
Using rare archival materials, Walter Richmond chronicles the history of the war, describes in detail the final genocidal campaign, and follows the Circassians in diaspora through five generations as they struggle to survive and return home. He places the periods of acute genocide, 1821–1822 and 1863–1864, in the larger context of centuries of tension between the two nations and updates the story to the present day as the Circassian community works to gain international recognition of the genocide as the region prepares for the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, the site of the Russians’ final victory.
- Sales Rank: #988847 in Books
- Brand: Brand: Rutgers University Press
- Published on: 2013-04-09
- Released on: 2013-03-12
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.00" h x .56" w x 6.00" l, .76 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 232 pages
- Used Book in Good Condition
Review
"[An] outstanding contribution to Caucasus studies. Richmond makes an important contribution to the understanding of the contemporary problems in the Caucasus, one that suggests that the deep-rooted wounds of the past do not cure themselves and do not simply go away with time but are still waiting to be resolved, even after a century and a half. All students and scholars, as well as policy makers, interested in the history and contemporary politics of the Caucasus will benefit from reading this excellent study." (Slavic Review)
"Walter Richmond's The Circassian Genocide is a timely work that masterfully investigates the ninteenth-century Russian policies over the Circassian lands, shedding light on one of the least-known and first genocides of modern history." (Russian Review)
"Richmond provides a well-researched history of the deportation and destruction of the Circassians. This guide to the destruction of the Circassians, an often-overlooked tragedy, is valuable for a wide range of audiences. Recommended."
(Choice)
"[The Circassian Genocide] is well informed and contains a mass of information that will be new to most readers, about the events of 1863–1864 themselves, their background and subsequent developments." (Europe-Asia Studies)
"Richmond's work is a ground-breaking contribution to the history of Russia, the Caucasus, and genocide. For the first time it sheds light on this hidden tragedy on the frontier between Russia and the Middle East." (Brian Glyn Williams University of Massachusetts-Dartmouth)
About the Author
WALTER RICHMOND is the director of the Russian Studies Program at Occidental College, Los Angeles. He is the author of The Northwest Caucasus: Past, Present, Future.
Most helpful customer reviews
12 of 13 people found the following review helpful.
Great book, gives lots of details about the issue
By wyn
That's one of the greatest books written about this topic and gives lots of details. Also, very wide range of reliable references were used. I suggest this book to people who are interested in this topic or want to learn something about an "unknown" issue.
13 of 15 people found the following review helpful.
First book that focuses on the hidden Circassian Genocide
By Nesij
There will be some defamation reviews as was the case in some books on Armenian Genocide. Ignore them. (They will be easy to spot)
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Two striking quotes from the book "Circassian Genocide":
"We must assume that we will need to exterminate the mountaineers before they will agree to our demands."
Alexander Baryatinsky
"The state needed the Circassians' land, but had absolutely no need of them"
Rostislav Fadeev
Circassians are one of the indigenous peoples of the Caucasus, their history goes back 4000 BCE (Maikop Culture) and they lived in North Caucasus until being ethnically cleansed in the late 19th century. More than 90% of the Circassian population have been either exiled or killed by Russia.
Circassian genocide is one of those genocides that are swept under the carpet and effectively hidden from the world by the perpetrators. Over the last 150 years the fate of the Circassian people have been hidden by Russia from the rest of the world. Unfortunately as in the case of Armenian Genocide this leads to politicizing the issue and historical revisionism by the accused country.
While some books were written on Circassian History. Walter Richmond's "The Circassian Genocide" is the first book that focuses on Genocide itself.
Professor Richmond describes the events that led the Russian leaders from more typical imperialist approach to ultimately planing a final solution of the Circassian question. This book also shows disturbing parallels with the later Armenian genocide and the Holocaust.
The general picture described in the book is that at first; the Russians see the Circassians as subjects (even though they are obviously an independent and separate nation) of Russian Empire. The Russian leadership heavy handily tries to impose (their) "rule" on Circassians who immediately reject this and start resisting the Russian invasion and colonization of their homelands.
The British and Ottoman Empire (both who have designs on the region/see: "Great Game") also use Circassians and make false promises; which of course increases Russia's desire to secure the region for herself and take care of the "Circassian problem" decisively and as quickly as possible. After the Crimean War, Russian military authorities decide that its time to get rid of Circassians once and for all.
The result is the largest genocide of the 19th century:
One of the oldest people of the world gets virtually wiped out in a few decades. In just a a few decades they go from being; famous and admired throughout the world (you can find American ships/beauty products named "Circassia"/"Circassian Cream etc.") to the forgotten nation of today.
Walter Richmond writes clearly and concisely, on all the matters mentioned above. It is still a hard read; not because of the writing style; but due to the highest level of barbarity that always accompanies a genocide. The book showcases what human beings are capable of at their worst. Prof. Richmond does not self censor or cut any corners, he presents all the failings and crimes of all as well as the brutality that accompanies a genocide:
Skulls hitting the Black Sea shores for years; due the hundreds of thousands of Circassians who drowned in the Black Sea... Starving Circassians men, women, children dying to cold, hunger, disease and even to wild animals; some reports of being eaten alive...birds in the area making their nests out of massacred Circassians' hair...a Russian general decorating his house with Circassian skulls...
I have been studying Circassian History intensively for the last 12 years and I have only been able to find a few and very minor mistakes (Mostly editorial). The book on the whole is accurate and is backed up by good and diverse sources of information. Nevertheless it is still a first step in the study of a vast and important subject. Naturally there is some room for additions/improvement, if nothing else but because it's a "new" (ignored for so long) area of study and more sources surface as time goes on.
On the whole I give the book five stars as it is everything you hope to find in a book about genocide; the uncensored brutal facts, backed by solid sources from all sides involved, with enough background history to get a better understanding of the whole picture.
I recommend this book to anybody interested in Genocide Studies, history of Caucasus, Circassians, Russia, Turkey, Jordan... or just about anyone who wants to learn something about Circassians. Paradoxically, the Circassian Genocide is the best starting point: it really is the one defining moment that shaped this nation's fate. Studying this event in particular will answer a lot of your questions, and so will reading this book.
7 of 8 people found the following review helpful.
ethnic cleansing of the Circassians
By Yanal Varouqa
Finally someone adding to the scarce resources of the tragic Circassian history and the need for an international and immediate acknowledgment of the genocide of a rich cultured and brave people of the caucuses.
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